BapJw
hnizmknIfn _lp]qcn]£w t]êw AhêsS PohnX{]iv\§fn klmbw tXSp¶Xv k`mip{iqjIsâ ASp¯mWv. Hê s{]m^jW Iu¬knesd¡mfpw {][m\s¸« ZuXyamWv ]mÌÀ \nÀÆlnç¶Xv. Iu¬knenwKn icnbmb Adnhpt\Snb k`mip{iqjI\v Xsâ P\s¯ BßoIþam\knIþimcocnI BtcmKy¯nte¡v \bnç¶Xn³ km[nçw.[1] tamÀKsâ A`n{]mb¯n t{]m^jW Iu¬knesd¡mÄ ]mÌd Iu¬knenwKv hnPbnç¶XnëÅ ImcWw:
kulyZw: Hê s{]m^jWen\v, Iu¬knenbpambn thK¯n kulyZw Øm]n¡m³ Ignsª¶phcnÃ.
ap³]cnNbw: Iu¬knenwKv Hê XpSÀ{]{InbbmWv. Iu¬knedn\v Iu¬knensbçdn¨pÅ hyàamb Adnhv Iu¬knenwKn\v BhiyamWv. ]mÌÀ¡v Xsâ k`mwK§fpsS IpSpw_Ncn{Xw, BßoI \nehmcw, ap³Ime {]iv\§Ä, km¼¯nImhØ... XpS§nbhsbçdn¨v hyàambap³[mcWIÄ Dmbncnçw.
{]kwKw: Pulpit  \n¶psImv thZ]pkvXImSnØm\¯n Iu¬kn sN¿p¶XnëÅ kmlNcyw.[2]
thZ]pkvXImSnkvYm\¯nepÅ hgnIm«Â: thZ]pkvXI¯neqsS Iu¬kn ensb ss[cys¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v ]mÌÀ¡v km[nç¶p.
e`yX: k`mP\§Ä¡v thK¯n kao]n¡m³ Ignbp¶Xv X§fpsS ]mÌdns\bmWv. CXn\v ]mÌÀ Xsâ k`ímhiyamb sIbÀ \ÂtIXmWv.
As¸mØe\mb ]utemknsâ A`n{]mb¯n (sImtem. 1:28) “Ahs\ R§Ä Adnbnç¶Xn GXp aëjys\bpw {InkvXphn XnIªh\mbn \ndpt¯Xn\p GXp aëjys\bpw {]t_m[n¸nçIbpw GXp aëjyt\mSpw kIe Úm\t¯mSpw IqsS D]tZinçIbpw sN¿p¶p.” (sImtem 4:8) “\n§Ä \n§fpsS AhØ Adnhm\pw Ah³ \n§fpsS lrZb§sf Bizkn¸n¸m \pambn Rm³ Ahs\ \n§fn Hê¯\mb Ht\kntamkv F¶ hnizkvX\pw {]nb\pamb ktlmZct\mSpIqsS \n§fpsS ASp¡Â Ab¨ncnçì.”
]mÌd Iu¬knensâ {][m\ XXz§Ä[3]
(1) thZ]pkvXI ]Tn¸n¡en\v hnê²amIêXv
thZ]pkvXIw \nch[n D]tZi§fpw {InkvXob \ne]mSpIfpw \ÂIp¶pv. ASnØm\ thZ]pkvXI ]Tn¸n¡en\v hnê²amb coXnbn ]mÌÀ Xsâ Iu¬knensb \bn¡m³ ]mSnÃ. (DZm: hy`nNmcw, hnhml tamN\w, A\oXn, AhnizkvXX sXämb PohnX coXnIÄ...) ]mÌdnsâ Iu¬knenKnsâ ASnØm\w thZ]pkvXIambncn¡Ww.
(2) Xoêam\w FSpt¡Xv Iu¬kneo Bbncn¡Ww
icnbmbtXm sXämbtXm Bb Xoêam\w ssIs¡mÅm³ Iu¬knen¡v kzmX{´rapv. ]mÌdnsâ Xoêam\hpw Bib§fpw ASnt¨Â¸n¡mëÅ thZnbà Iu¬knenKv. icnbmb amÀ¤w Im«ns¡mSpçI ]t£ Ahkm\ Xoêam\w Iu¬knenbpsS Bbncn¡s«.[4]
(3) {InkvXphnsâ at\m`mhapÅhcmbncnçI
{InkvXp Xsâ AcnIn h¶hsc D]tZinçIbpw imknçIbpw £ançIbpw IêXpIbpw sNbvXXpt]mse icnbmb at\m`mht¯msS ]mÌÀ ip{iqj \nÀÆlnt¡XmWv.
(4) \¶mbn {i²nçI ({i²n¨p tIÄçI)
hmçIÄ e£yw shíp¶ AÀ°w hyXykvXamImw (dual meaning). Nne PohnXmhØIÄ hmçIÄçÅn \n¶v {Klnt¡n hêw. (FÃmw Xpd¶v ]dsª¶v hcnÃ) {i²n¨v tIÄçhm³ AhÀ D]tbmKnç¶ hmçIfpw hmçIÄçÅnse icnbmb AÀ°hpw ]mÌÀ {Klnt¡Ww. kw`mjW¯n\nSbn A\mhiy tNmZy§Ä DÄs¸Sp¯msX Iu¬knensb tIÄçI.
(5) sXäpIsf Nqn¡m«phm³ aSn¡êXv
Iu¬knenbpsS a\¸qÀÆambtXm AÃm¯tXm BbpÅ sXäpIsf Nqn¡m«p¶Xn\v ]mÌÀ aSn¡êXv. icnbmb hgn Im«p¶XmWv bYmÀ° ]mÌd sIbÀ.
(6) Iu¬knensb hnetbdnbXmbn IméI[5]
FÃmhêw ssZhkmZyi¯n krãn¡s¸«hcmWv. Hmtcmê¯êsSbpw PohnXhpw {]hÀ¯\hpw F´pXs¶ Bbmepw AhscÃmhêw ssZh¯n\v {]nbs¸«hcmWv. ssZhk¶n[nbn hê¶ FÃmhscbpw ssZhw hnip²oIcnçIbpw c£nçIbpw bYmØm\s¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p. Cu t_m²yw Iu¬knedn\v DmtIWw.
(7) Iu¬knenwKnse \nÀt±i§Ä {InbmßIhpw kp{Kmlyhpambncn¡Ww.
\nÀt±i§Ä, kzoIcn¡¯¡ hn[¯nepÅXpw, {]mtbmKnIhpw Bbnê¶m am{Xta Iu¬knenwKv ^e{]m]vXnbntes¡¯pIbpÅp. ssIs¡mtÅhbpw Dt]£nt¡hbpw hyàambn Iu¬knen¡v t_m²ys¸Sp¯ns¡mSp¡Ww.[6]
(8) {]Xo£ ssIshSnbêXv
hÀj§fmbn Hêh³ ioen¨ph¶ Zp:ioew thK¯n amänsbSp¡m³ {]bmkambncnçw. sXämb Hê hnhml_Ôw Hê Znhkw sImv {Ias¸Sp¯m³ km[ns¨¶p hcnÃ. sXämb PohnXkmlNcy§fn hfÀ¶ph¶ Hêh\nÂ\n¶pw Ahsâ sXämb kz`mh§Ä amänsbSpçI Ffp¸ambncn¡nÃ. F¶mepw Iu¬kneÀ {]Xo£bpÅh\mbncn¡Ww. £atbmsS Iu¬knenbpambn _Ôs¸SpIbpw AhêsS AhØbn \n¶pw IcIbdphm³ klmbnçIbpw thWw. PohnX{]iv\§Ä¡v DS\Sn ]cnlmcw Is¯phm³ Ignbp¶ Hê am{´nI hyànbà Iu¬kneÀ F¶v {]tXyIw HmÀ¯ncnçI.
Approaches to Counselling
Directive Method
Iu¬kneÀþtI{µoIrX Iu¬knenwKv F¶pw CXdnbs¸Sp¶p.
Directive Counselling F¶Xv Iu¬kneobpsS {]iv\w {i²n¨v tI«v, GXv coXnbn B {]iv\s¯ ]cnlcn¡mw F¶ amÀ¤w Is¯n, AXneqsS {]iv\]cnlmcw t\Sm³ Bhiyamb {]tNmZ\hpw ss[cyhpw \ÂIpI F¶XmWv.[7]
{]iv\s¯ tI{µoIcn¨v Iu¬knenwKv sN¿p¶p. sshImcnI kao]\s¯¡mÄ _u²nIamb kao]\¯n³ {]m[m\yw.
CXneqsS Iu¬knen¡v D]tZi§Ä \ÂIp¶p. CXv sshImcnIamb kwXy]vXn Xm¡menIamsb¦nepw \ÂIp¶p. F¶m ^e{]m]vXn Dd¸Ã. an¡hêw D]tZiw \ÂIphm³ XmÂ]cyapÅhcmWv. AXv Ffp¸hpamWv.[8]
Steps of Directive Counselling[9]
1. Iu¬knenbpsS {]iv\s¯ Iu¬kneÀ hniIe\w sN¿p¶p.
2. Iu¬knenbpsS AhØ a\Ênemç¶p. IgnhpIÄ IgnhptISpIÄ
3. {]iv\ImcWw Is¯p¶p.
4. {]iv\¯nsâ `mhn future development {KlnçI.
5. {]iv\]cnlmcw Is¯pI.
(a) establishing raport
(b) {]iv\]cnlmc¯n\v Xsâ Adnhv hniZamç¶p
(c) sNt¿ Imcy§fpsS cq]tcJ \ÂIp¶p.
(d) ]²Xn {]mhÀ¯nIamç¶Xn³ klmbnçI
(e) aäpÅhsc (Iu¬kneÀamsc, tUmÎÀamsc) kao]n¡m³ t{]cn¸nç¶p.
Advantages of Directive Counselling[10]
(1) kabem`w.
(2) {]iv\¯n {][m\yw hyàn¡Ã {]iv\¯n\mWv.
(3) _p²n¡mWv {][m\yw hnImc¯n\Ã.
(4) DS\Sn ]cnlmcw.
Limitations of Directive Counselling[11]
sXämb [mcWIÄ sXämb ]cnlmc \nÀt±i¯n³ Iu¬knedns\ t{]cn¸nçw. F¶m AXv ^eZmbIamtWm? Iu¬knenbpsS bYmÀ° {]iv\w Iu¬kneÀ {Kln¨pthm? Cu {]iv\¯n\v ]cnlmcw \nÀt±in¡m³ Iu¬knedn\v kmt¦XnIPvRm\w Dtm? Cu Xoêam\w Iu¬kneo Aëkcnçtam? {]iv\ ]cnlmcw Iu¬knednsâ ISabmbn amdp¶p. Iu¬knen¡v \nÀt±i§Ä DÄs¡mÅm\mImsX ht¶¡mw.
Non Directive Counselling / Client- Centered Method
{]iv\s¯¡mÄ hyànç {]m[m\yw; _u²nI \ne]mSpItf¡mÄ sshImcnI kao]\amWv Non Directive Counselling Â. Iu¬kneÀ Iu¬knenbpsS {]iv\w tIÄç¶p. {]iv\¯nsâ FÃm `mKhpw hniZoIcn¡m³ Iu¬knensb t{]cn¸nç¶p. B {]iv\¯n³ F§s\ ]cnlmcw Is¯msa¶v Iu¬knenbn \n¶pXs¶ \nÀt±iw kzoIcnç¶p. AXëkcn¨v {]iv\w ]cnlcn¡m³ t{]cW \ÂIp¶p.[12]
Steps of Non Directive Counselling
{]iv\w Is¯m³ Iu¬knensb klmbnçI Iu¬kneÀ Iu¬knenbpsS AhØ icnbmbn hymJym\nçI, Iu¬knednsâ kao]\w kulrZ]chpw IêW \ndªXpambncn¡Ww, Iu¬kneobpsS t]mknäohpw s\Käohpamb AhØIÄ Iu¬kneÀ {Kln¡Ww.[13] Iu¬kneobpsS s\Käohv Nn´IÄç {i² \ÂIn t]mknäohnteç \bnç¶Xn\v Iu¬kneÀ {ian¡Ww.[14]
Advantages of Non Directive Counselling [15]
{]m[m\yapÅ tNmZy§Ä am{Xw tNmZnç¶p. Iu¬knedn\v ]ncnapdp¡w IpdhmWv. CXv hyànb[nãnXamb {]hÀ¯\amWv. Iu¬kneÀ hn[n ]dbp¶ Bfmbn amdp¶nÃ. t{]m^jW Iu¬kn C¯cw coXn D]tbmKnç¶p. CXn Gähpw {][m\s¸« KpWw {]iv\]cnlmcw Iu¬kneo Xs¶ Is¯p¶p F¶pÅXmWv. CXv Iu¬knen¡v Bßhnizmkhpw ss[cyhpw hÀ²n¸nç¶p. CXv kmh[m\XbpÅ coXnbmWv. Iu¬knenç ]ncnapdp¡¯n \n¶v c£s¸Sphm³ CXv klmbnç¶p.
Limitations of Non Directive Counselling[16]
CXv Hê Xm¡menI ]cnlmcw \ÂIp¶Xmbncn¡nÃ. Iu¬knedn\v D¯chmZn¯w Ipdbp¶p. {]iv\]cnlmc¯n\mbn h¶ hyàn Iu¬knedn \n¶pw D¯cw e`n¡msX hêt¼mÄ CÝm`wKw Dmtb¡mw.[17]
thKX IpdªXpw ZoÀL\mÄ thnhê¶Xpamb coXn. Iu¬knedn\v aäv hyànIsfbpw klmbnt¡nhê¶Xn\m HcmÄç am{Xw IqsSIqsS kabw \ÂIm³ km[ns¨¶phcnIbnÃ. Iu¬knednsâ `mK¯p\n¶pw {]iv\]cnlmcw e`n¡m¯Xv Iu¬kneosb \ncmi\m¡ntb¡mw.[18]
Directive Method Vs Non Directive Method[19]
(1) hyXykvX§fmb XmÂ]cy§Ä
Directive Method  {]iv\amWv apJy kvYm\w. Non Directive Method  hyàn¡mWv {]m[m\yw.
(2) {]iv\]cnlmc¯nëÅ hyXykvX coXnIÄ
Directive Method  Iu¬kneÀ adp]Snbpw {]iv\]cnlmchpw \nÀt±inçt¼mÄ Non Directive Method  Iu¬kneo Xs¶ Xsâ {]iv\¯nëÅ ]cnlmcw Is¯p¶p.
(3) hyXykvX AdnhpIÄ tXSp¶p
Directive Method ]gbIme Ncn{X§fneqsS {]iv\¯nsâ aqeImcWw tXSp¶p. Non Directive Method  Ct¸mgpÅ AhØbpw AXnsâ ]cnlmchpw tXSp¶p.
(4) hyXyØ kao]\§Ä
Directive Method   _u²nI]camb AdnhneqsS {]iv\s¯bpw ]cnlmcs¯bpw ho£nç¶p. Non Directive Method  sshImcnIXbn A[nãnXamb kao]\amWv A[nIhpw.
(5) hyXyØ kw`mjWcoXn
Directive Method RapportAXymhiyaà F¶m Non Directive Method Rapport hfsc AXymhiyamWv.
(6) hyXyØamb XpSÀkao]\§Ä
Directive Method  XpSÀ kao]\§Ä/_Ôw Bhiyaà Non Directive Method XpSÀ_Ôw hfsc AXymhiyamWv.
(7) Iu¬knednsâ hyXyاfmb ]¦v
Directive Method  Iu¬knednsâ ]¦v hfscb[nIw. Non Directive Method  Iu¬kneÀ t{imXmhmbnam{Xw Ccnç¶p.
CONCLUSION
Iu¬knenwKv Hê hmZ{]XnhmZaÃ. Iu¬knenbpsS {]iv\w hyàambn {Kln¨v AbmfpsS {]iv\¯n\v icnbmb ]cnlmcamÀ¤w Is¯pI F¶XmWv GsXmê Iu¬knenwKnsâbpw ASnØm\ LSIw. Iu¬knen¡v kuJyZmbI ip{iqj \ÂIp¶XnëÅ ISa Hmtcm ip{iqjIsâbpw D¯chmZn¯amWv.
Bibliography
Mangal, S.K. Essentials of Educational Psychology. New Delhi: Ashok K.Ghosh, 2007.
Morgan, Robert. “Why Pastors Make Great Counselors,” Leadership, Spring 1997, 29-31.
Prashantham, B. J. Indian Case Studies in Therapeutic Counselling. Tamil Nadu: Christian Counselling Centre, 1978.
Sharma, Ram Nath. R.K. Sharma, Advanced Educational Psychology. New Delhi: Atlantic Publications, 2006.
Sharma, Ram Nath. Rachana Sharma, Guidance and counselling in India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and distribution, 2004.
Singh, Yogesh Kumar. Guidance and career counselling. New Delhi: Appit publishing Corporation, 2007.
Taylor, Harold. Tend My Sheep. Delhi: SPCK, 2005.
http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/199803/096_key_principles.cfm
http://www.e-n.org.uk/p-310-The-pastor-as-counsellor.htm
http://www.wholeperson-counseling.org/ndoc/approach.html
[1] Harold Taylor, Tend My Sheep (Delhi: SPCK, 2005) 109.
[2] Using an illustration from one of your counseling sessions is not ethically correct. Counselors must protect the confidentiality of those they counsel.
[3] Robert Morgan, “Why Pastors Make Great Counselors,” Leadership, Spring 1997, 29-31
[5] Harold Taylor, Tend My Sheep, 95
[6] B. J. Prashantham, Indian Case Studies in Therapeutic Counselling (Tamil Nadu: Christian Counselling Centre, 1978), 17
[7] Yogesh Kumar Singh, Guidance and career counselling (New Delhi: Appit publishing Corporation, 2007), 318.
[8] S.K. Mangal, Essentials of Educational Psychology (New Delhi: Ashok K.Ghosh, 2007), 606.
[10] Ram Nath Sharma, Rachana Sharma, Guidance and counselling in India ( New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and distribution, 2004), 151.
[11] Ram Nath Sharma, Rachana Sharma, Guidance and counselling in India, 152.
[12] Yogesh Kumar Singh, Guidance and career counselling, 324
[13] Harold Taylor, Tend My Sheep, 110
[14] S.K. Mangal, Essentials of Educational Psychology, 608.
[15] Ram Nath Sharma, Rachana Sharma, Guidance and counselling in India, 152.
[16] Ram Nath Sharma, Rachana Sharma, Guidance and counselling in India, 152.
[17] Ram Nath Sharma, R.K. Sharma, Advanced Educational Psychology (New Delhi: Atlantic Publications, 2006), 461.
[19] Ram Nath Sharma, Rachana Sharma, Guidance and counselling in India, 153-154. For more details see Ram Nath Sharma, R.K. Sharma, Advanced Educational Psychology, 459.
